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What is Pragmatics Pragmatics is the study of the connection between context language and meaning It addresses issues like What do people mean by the words they use Its a way of thinking that focuses on practical and reasonable actions It is in contrast to idealism which is the belief that one should stick to their principles regardless of what What is Pragmatics The study of pragmatics is the way that language users communicate and interact with each other It is often viewed as a part of a language but it differs from semantics because pragmatics focuses on what the user is trying to communicate not on what the actual meaning is As a research area the field of pragmatics is relatively new and its research has been growing rapidly over the last few decades It is a linguisticsrelated academic field but it has also influenced research in other areas like sociolinguistics psychology and the field of anthropology There are many different methods of pragmatics that have contributed to the development and growth of this discipline One is the Gricean pragmatics approach which focuses on the notion of intention and its interaction with the speakers knowledge of the listeners comprehension Other perspectives on pragmatics include the conceptual and lexical approaches to pragmatics These perspectives have contributed to the diversity of subjects that researchers studying pragmatics have researched Research in pragmatics has focused on a variety of subjects including L2 pragmatic comprehension as well as production of requests by EFL learners and the role of the theory of mind in both mental and physical metaphors It has been applied to social and cultural phenomena such as political discourse discriminatory speech and interpersonal communication Pragmatics researchers have also used various methods from experimental to sociocultural The amount of knowledge base in pragmatics is different according to the database as illustrated in Figure 9AC The US and the UK are among the top contributors to pragmatics research but their ranking varies by database This difference is due to the fact that pragmatics is a multidisciplinary field that intersects with other disciplines This makes it difficult to determine the top authors of pragmatics by their number of publications alone However it is possible to identify the most influential authors through analyzing their contributions to pragmatics For instance Bambinis contribution to pragmatics includes pioneering concepts like conversational implicature and politeness theory Other authors who have been influential in pragmatics include Grice Saul and Kasper What is Free Pragmatics The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and the users of language as opposed to the study of truth reference or grammar It focuses on how one phrase can be interpreted differently in different contexts This includes ambiguity as well as indexicality It also focuses primarily on the strategies employed by listeners to determine whether phrases have a message It is closely connected to the theory of conversational implicature which was developed by Paul Grice While the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is a wellknown and longestablished one there is a lot of debate about the precise boundaries of these fields Some philosophers argue that the notion of meaning of sentences is a component of semantics whereas others insist that this particular issue should be viewed as pragmatic Another issue is whether pragmatics is a subfield of philosophy of language or a branch of the study of linguistics 프라그마틱 have argued pragmatics is an independent field and should be treated as part of linguistics alongside the study of phonology syntax semantics etc Others have suggested that the study of pragmatics should be viewed as part of the philosophy of language since it examines the ways in which our beliefs about the meanings and functions of language affect our theories about how languages function There are several key aspects of the study of pragmatics that have fueled many of the debates Some scholars have argued for instance that pragmatics isnt an academic discipline in and of itself since it studies how people interpret and use the language without necessarily referring back to actual facts about what was said This sort of approach is referred to as farside pragmatics Other scholars however have argued that the subject should be considered a field in its own right because it examines the manner in which the meaning and usage of language is influenced by social and cultural factors This is called nearside pragmatics The field of pragmatics also focuses on the inferential nature of utterances as well as the importance of the primary pragmatic processes in determining what a speaker is saying in the sentence Recanati and Bach examine these issues in greater detail Both papers discuss the notions a saturation and a free enrichment of the pragmatic These are significant pragmatic processes that influence the meaning of utterances What is the difference between explanatory and free Pragmatics Pragmatics is the study of the role that context plays to linguistic meaning It focuses on how the human language is utilized in social interaction as well as the relationship between speaker and interpreter Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are known as pragmaticians Over the years many theories of pragmatism have been proposed Some such as Gricean pragmatics concentrate on the communicative intention of the speaker Others such as Relevance Theory are focused on the processes of understanding that occur during utterance interpretation by hearers Some practical approaches have been put with other disciplines such as cognitive science or philosophy There are different opinions about the line between semantics and pragmatics Certain philosophers such as Morris believes that semantics and pragmatics are two distinct subjects He says that semantics deal with the relationship of signs to objects they may or may not denote whereas pragmatics deals with the use of words in context Other philosophers such as Bach and Harnish have suggested that pragmatism is an subfield of semantics They distinguish between nearside and farside pragmatism Nearside pragmatics is focused on what is said while farside pragmatics focuses on the logical consequences of saying something They believe that semantics is already determining certain aspects of the meaning of an expression whereas other pragmatics are determined by pragmatic processes One of the most important aspects of pragmatics is that it is context dependent This means that a single word may have different meanings depending on factors like indexicality or ambiguity Other factors that could alter the meaning of an utterance include discourse structure speaker intentions and beliefs and the expectations of the listener Another aspect of pragmatics is that it is culturespecific It is because each culture has its own rules about what is appropriate in different situations In certain cultures its acceptable to look at each other In other cultures its considered rude There are many different perspectives on pragmatics and much research is being conducted in this field The main areas of research are formal and computational pragmatics theoretic and experimental pragmatics crosslinguistic and intercultural pragmatics pragmatics that are experimental and clinical How is free Pragmatics similar to Explanatory Pragmatics The discipline of pragmatics in linguistics is concerned with the way meaning is conveyed through the use of language in context It evaluates the ways in which the speakers intention and beliefs contribute to interpretation with less attention paid to grammatical features of the utterance rather than what is said Pragmaticians are linguists that focus in pragmatics The topic of pragmatics is related to other linguistics areas such as semantics syntax and philosophy of language In recent times the field of pragmatics has evolved in a variety of directions These include computational linguistics and conversational pragmatics There is a wide range of research in these areas which address issues like the importance of lexical elements and the interaction between language and discourse and the nature of meaning itself One of the most important issues in the philosophical discussion of pragmatics is whether or not it is possible to provide an accurate systematic understanding of the semanticspragmatics interface Some philosophers have suggested that it is not eg Morris 1938 Kaplan 1989 Other philosophers have argued the distinction between semantics and pragmatics isnt welldefined and that theyre the same thing The debate between these two positions is usually an ongoing debate with scholars arguing that particular phenomena fall under the rubric of semantics or pragmatics For example some scholars argue that if an utterance has the literal truthconditional meaning it is semantics whereas others argue that the fact that an expression may be interpreted in various ways is pragmatics Other researchers in pragmatics have taken an alternative route They argue that the truthconditional interpretation of a statement is just one of the many possible interpretations and that they are all valid This method is often referred to as farside pragmatics Some recent work in pragmatics has sought to combine both approaches in an effort to comprehend the full range of possibilities for interpretation of a utterance by demonstrating how the speakers beliefs and intentions influence the interpretation For example Champollion et al The 2019 version combines an inverse Gricean model of Rational Speech Act framework and technological advances developed by Franke and Bergen This model predicts that listeners will be able to consider a variety of possible exhaustified parses of an utterance containing the universal FCI any and this is what makes the exclusivity implicature so reliable when compared to other plausible implicatures