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Study of Chinese Learners Pedagogical Choices in Korean In addition to learnerinternal influences CLKs understanding of their own resistance to change and the relationship advantages they had access to were important For instance the RIs from TS and ZL both mentioned their relationships with their local professors as a major factor in their decision to avoid criticising an uncompromising professor see the example 2 This article examines all local pragmatic research on Korean published up to 2020 It focuses on core pragmatic topics including Discourse Construction Tests The test for discourse completion is a popular instrument in pragmatic research It has many advantages but it also has some disadvantages For instance the DCT cannot take into account cultural and personal differences in communicative behavior The DCT can also be biased and result in overgeneralizations Therefore it must be carefully analyzed prior to using it for research or for assessment purposes Despite its limitations the DCT can be a useful instrument to study the relationship between prosody and information structure in nonnative speakers Its ability to manipulate social variables relevant to politeness in two or more steps could be a plus This ability can aid researchers understand the role of prosody in communication across cultural contexts a key issue in crosscultural pragmatics In the field of linguistics DCT is among the most effective tools used to analyze the communication habits of learners It can be used to investigate various issues including the manner of speaking turn taking and lexical selection It can be used to assess phonological complexity in learners speaking Recent research used a DCT as a tool to assess the ability to resist of EFL students Participants were presented with a variety of scenarios to choose from and were then asked to select the appropriate response The authors found the DCT to be more efficient than other methods of refusal such as the use of a questionnaire or video recordings Researchers warned however that the DCT should be employed with caution They also suggested using other methods of data collection DCTs can be designed using specific linguistic criteria such as design and content These criteria are intuitive and based on the assumptions of the test designers They may not be correct and they could be misleading about the way ELF learners actually resist requests in realworld interactions This issue calls for further research on different methods of assessing the ability to refuse 프라그마틱 슈가러쉬 examined DCT responses to requests made by students via email versus those obtained from an oral DCT The results revealed that DCTs favored more direct and conventionallyindirect request forms and used less hints than email data Metapragmatic Questionnaires MQs This study investigated Chinese learners their pragmatic choices when they use Korean It used various experimental tools including Discourse Completion Tasks metapragmatic questions and Refusal Interviews Participants were 46 CLKs at the upperintermediate who participated in MQs DCTs and RIs They were also asked for reflections on their assessments and their refusals to participate in RIs The results showed that CLKs are more likely to resist native Korean norms of pragmatism Their choices were influenced primarily by four factors that included their personalities and multilingual identities their ongoing life experiences as well as their relational affordances These findings have implications for pedagogy for L2 Korean assessment The MQ data was analyzed in order to determine the participants actual choices The data were classified according to Ishiharas 2010 definition of pragmatic resistance Then we compared the choices made by the participants with their linguistic performance on DCTs in order to determine if they were indicative of pragmatic resistance Additionally the participants were asked to justify their decision to use pragmatic language in a specific situation The results of the MQs DCTs and ztests were examined using descriptive statistics and Z tests It was found that the CLKs frequently resorted to phrases like sorry and thank you This is likely due to their lack of familiarity with the target language which resulted in an inadequate understanding of korea pragmatic norms The results revealed that CLKs preferences to diverge from L1 and 2 norms or to converge towards L1 norms varied based on the DCT situations In situations 3 and 12 CLKs favored diverging from both L1 and L2pragmatic norms while in Situation 14 CLKs favored convergence to L1 norms The RIs revealed that CLKs were aware of their logical resistance to every DCT situation The RIs were conducted onetoone basis in the space of two days of the participants completing the MQs The RIs were recorded and transcribing and then coded by two independent coders The coding process was an iterative process in which the coders read and discussed each transcript The results of the coding process are contrasted with the original RI transcripts to determine how well they accurately portrayed the underlying behavior Refusal Interviews RIs A key question of pragmatic research is why some learners are hesitant to adhere to pragmatic norms that native speakers use Recent research attempted to answer this question by using various experimental tools including DCTs MQs and RIs Participants included 46 CLKs and 44 CNSs from five Korean Universities They were asked to complete the DCTs in their first language and to complete the MQs in either their L1 or L2 Then they were invited to a RI where they were asked consider their responses to the DCT situations The results showed that CLKs on average did not conform to the norms of native speakers in more than 40 percent of their responses They did this even though they could produce patterns that resembled natives In addition they were aware of their pragmatism They attributed their choice to learnerinternal variables such as their personality and multilingual identities They also referred external factors like relational affordances They outlined for instance how their interactions with their professors helped them to perform more comfortably in terms of the linguistic and cultural standards of their university However the interviewees expressed concern about the social pressures and punishments they could face if they flouted their local social norms They were concerned that their native interlocutors might perceive them as foreignersand consider them unintelligent This was a concern similar to those voiced by Brown 2013 and Ishihara 2009 These results suggest that nativespeaker pragmatic norms are not the preferred choice of Korean learners They may still be a useful model for official Korean proficiency tests But it is advisable for future researchers to reassess their relevance in specific scenarios and in various cultural contexts This will help them better understand the impact of different cultural environments on the behavior of students and classroom interactions of students in L2 This will also assist educators to improve their methods of teaching and testing Korean pragmatics Seukhoon Paul Choi is principal advisor to Stratways Group a geopolitical risk consultancy based in Seoul Case Studies The case study method is an investigative strategy that relies on participantcentered deep investigations to explore a specific subject This method makes use of various sources of data such as interviews observations and documents to prove its findings This type of investigation is ideal for studying specific or complex subjects which are difficult to assess with other methods In a case study the first step is to define both the subject and the objectives of the study This will allow you to determine which aspects of the topic should be studied and which can be omitted It is also helpful to study the literature that is relevant to the subject to gain a greater understanding of the subject and place the case within a larger theoretical context This study was based on an open source platform the KMMLU leaderboard 50 and its benchmarks that are specific to Korea HyperCLOVA X and LDCCSolar figure 1 below The results of the study revealed that L2 Korean learners were particularly dependent on the influence of native models They were more likely to pick incorrect answers which were literal interpretations This was a deviance from the correct pragmatic inference They also showed a distinct tendency to add their own words or garbage to their responses This further reduced the quality of their responses The participants in this study were all L2 Korean students who had attained level four on the Test of Proficiency in Korean TOPIK in their second or third university year and were aiming to reach level six by their next attempt They were asked questions regarding their WTCSPCC pragmatic awareness understanding and understanding of the world The interviewees were presented with two scenarios each involving an imaginary interaction with their coworkers and were asked to choose one of the following strategies to use when making a request The interviewees were asked to justify their decision 프라그마틱 순위 of the participants attributed their pragmatism to their personality For example TS claimed that she was hard to get close to and she therefore refused to ask about the wellbeing of her friend with a heavy workload despite her belief that native Koreans would ask