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Evolution Explained The most fundamental concept is that all living things change as they age These changes could help the organism to survive or reproduce or be more adaptable to its environment Scientists have used genetics a new science to explain how evolution happens They also have used physical science to determine the amount of energy needed to trigger these changes Natural Selection In order for evolution to occur organisms must be able to reproduce and pass their genes to future generations Natural selection is often referred to as survival for the strongest However the term can be misleading as it implies that only the most powerful or fastest organisms can survive and reproduce In reality the most adapted organisms are those that are able to best adapt to the environment in which they live The environment can change rapidly and if the population is not well adapted to its environment it may not survive resulting in the population shrinking or becoming extinct Natural selection is the most important component in evolutionary change This happens when phenotypic traits that are advantageous are more common in a given population over time resulting in the creation of new species This process is triggered by heritable genetic variations of organisms which are the result of sexual reproduction Any element in the environment that favors or defavors particular characteristics could act as a selective agent These forces can be biological like predators or physical like temperature Over time populations that are exposed to different agents of selection may evolve so differently that they no longer breed together and are considered to be separate species Natural selection is a simple concept but it can be difficult to comprehend The misconceptions about the process are widespread even among educators and scientists Studies have found that there is a small connection between students understanding of evolution and their acceptance of the theory Brandons definition of selection is confined to differential reproduction and does not include inheritance Havstad 2011 is one of many authors who have advocated for a more expansive notion of selection which captures Darwins entire process This could explain the evolution of species and adaptation There are instances where a trait increases in proportion within a population but not at the rate of reproduction These situations are not considered natural selection in the strict sense of the term but could still be in line with Lewontins requirements for a mechanism to operate such as the case where parents with a specific trait have more offspring than parents who do not have it 에볼루션코리아 is the difference in the sequences of genes among members of an animal species It is this variation that facilitates natural selection which is one of the main forces driving evolution Variation can be caused by changes or the normal process through which DNA is rearranged during cell division genetic recombination Different gene variants could result in a variety of traits like the color of eyes fur type eye colour or the capacity to adapt to adverse environmental conditions If a trait is advantageous it will be more likely to be passed down to future generations This is referred to as a selective advantage Phenotypic plasticity is a particular type of heritable variations that allow individuals to change their appearance and behavior as a response to stress or the environment These changes can help them survive in a different habitat or make the most of an opportunity For example they might develop longer fur to shield their bodies from cold or change color to blend in with a specific surface These phenotypic changes do not necessarily affect the genotype and therefore cant be considered to have caused evolutionary change Heritable variation enables adapting to changing environments Natural selection can also be triggered through heritable variations since it increases the likelihood that people with traits that favor a particular environment will replace those who do not In some cases however the rate of variation transmission to the next generation might not be enough for natural evolution to keep pace with Many harmful traits such as genetic diseases persist in populations despite their negative consequences This is due to a phenomenon referred to as reduced penetrance This means that individuals with the diseaserelated variant of the gene do not exhibit symptoms or symptoms of the disease Other causes include interactions between genes and the environment and nongenetic influences like lifestyle diet and exposure to chemicals To understand why some harmful traits do not get eliminated by natural selection it is important to gain a better understanding of how genetic variation influences the evolution Recent studies have demonstrated that genomewide associations which focus on common variations dont capture the whole picture of susceptibility to disease and that rare variants explain a significant portion of heritability It is essential to conduct additional studies based on sequencing to document rare variations in populations across the globe and assess their impact including the genebyenvironment interaction Environmental Changes The environment can affect species through changing their environment The famous story of peppered moths is a good illustration of this whitebodied moths abundant in urban areas where coal smoke smudges tree bark and made them easy targets for predators while their darkerbodied counterparts thrived in these new conditions The opposite is also the case that environmental changes can affect species ability to adapt to changes they face Human activities are causing environmental changes on a global scale and the effects of these changes are largely irreversible These changes are affecting biodiversity and ecosystem function Additionally they pose significant health risks to the human population especially in lowincome countries as a result of polluted air water soil and food For 에볼루션 블랙잭 the increased use of coal in developing nations like India contributes to climate change as well as increasing levels of air pollution that are threatening human life expectancy The worlds limited natural resources are being used up at an increasing rate by the human population This increases the likelihood that a lot of people are suffering from nutritional deficiencies and not have access to safe drinking water The impact of humandriven changes in the environment on evolutionary outcomes is complex Microevolutionary reactions will probably reshape an organisms fitness landscape These changes may also change the relationship between a trait and its environmental context For instance a research by Nomoto et al that involved transplant experiments along an altitudinal gradient revealed that changes in environmental signals such as climate and competition can alter the phenotype of a plant and shift its directional selection away from its traditional match It is important to understand the ways in which these changes are shaping the microevolutionary responses of today and how we can use this information to determine the fate of natural populations during the Anthropocene This is important because the changes in the environment triggered by humans will have a direct impact on conservation efforts as well as our own health and our existence Therefore it is crucial to continue studying the interaction between humandriven environmental changes and evolutionary processes at an international scale The Big Bang There are several theories about the origins and expansion of the Universe But none of them are as widely accepted as the Big Bang theory which is now a standard in the science classroom The theory explains a wide range of observed phenomena including the abundance of light elements the cosmic microwave background radiation and the largescale structure of the Universe The Big Bang Theory is a simple explanation of how the universe started 138 billions years ago as a massive and extremely hot cauldron Since then it has grown The expansion has led to everything that is present today including the Earth and its inhabitants This theory is backed by a myriad of evidence These include the fact that we perceive the universe as flat as well as the kinetic and thermal energy of its particles the variations in temperature of the cosmic microwave background radiation as well as the densities and abundances of lighter and heavy elements in the Universe The Big Bang theory is also wellsuited to the data collected by astronomical telescopes particle accelerators and highenergy states In the early 20th century scientists held a minority view on the Big Bang Fred Hoyle publicly criticized it in 1949 But following World War II observational data began to emerge that tipped the scales in favor of the Big Bang Arno Pennzias Robert Wilson and others discovered the cosmic background radiation in 1964 This omnidirectional signal is the result of a timedependent expansion of the Universe The discovery of the ionized radiation with an observable spectrum that is consistent with a blackbody which is about 2725 K was a major turning point for the Big Bang Theory and tipped it in its favor against the prevailing Steady state model The Big Bang is a integral part of the cult television show The Big Bang Theory Sheldon Leonard and the rest of the group make use of this theory in The Big Bang Theory to explain a range of phenomena and observations One example is their experiment which explains how jam and peanut butter are mixed together
