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Study of Chinese Learners Pedagogical Choices in Korean CLKs awareness and ability to make use of relational affordances as well as the learnerinternal aspects were crucial For instance the RIs from TS and ZL both have cited their relationships with their local professors as a significant reason for them to choose to avoid expressing criticism of the strictness of a professor see the second example This article examines all local pragmatic research on Korean published up to 2020 It focuses on the practical core topics such as Discourse Construction Tests The test for discourse completion DCT is an instrument that is widely used in research that is based on pragmatic principles It has numerous advantages however it also has a few drawbacks The DCT for example is unable to account for cultural and individual variations Additionally it is also the case that the DCT can be biased and can cause overgeneralizations It is important to carefully analyze the data before being used for research or assessment Despite its limitations the DCT is a useful instrument to study the relationship between prosody information structure and nonnative speakers The ability of the DCT in two or more stages to alter social variables related to politeness could be a benefit This feature can be used to study the effect of prosody in various cultural contexts In the field of linguistics the DCT has become one of the most significant tools for analyzing learners communication behaviors It can be used to analyze various issues including manner of speaking turntaking and the choices made in lexical use It can also be used to assess the phonological difficulty of learners speaking A recent study used an DCT to test EFL students ability to resist Participants were presented with a variety of scenarios to choose from and were then asked to select the most appropriate response The researchers found that the DCT was more effective than other refusal measures such as a questionnaire or video recordings Researchers warned however that the DCT must be employed with caution They also recommended using other methods of data collection DCTs are often developed with specific linguistic criteria in mind such as the content and the form These criteria are intuitive and based on the assumptions of test designers Highly recommended Website are not necessarily precise and they could be misleading about the way ELF learners actually resist requests in realworld interaction This issue calls for more research into different methods of assessing refusal competence In a recent study DCT responses to student requests via email were compared with the responses from an oral DCT The results revealed that DCT was more direct and traditionally indirect request forms and a lower use of hints than the email data did Metapragmatic Questionnaires MQs This study examined Chinese learners making pragmatic choices when using Korean It employed a variety of experimental tools such as Discourse Completion Tasks metapragmatic questions and Refusal Interviews Participants were 46 CLKs of upperintermediate ability who provided responses to DCTs and MQs They were also asked for reflections on their assessments and refusals in RIs The results revealed that CLKs frequently chose to resist native Korean pragmatic norms and that their choices were influenced by four major factors their identities their multilingual identities ongoing life histories and relationship advantages These findings have implications for pedagogy for L2 Korean assessment The MQ data were examined to identify the participants pragmatic choices The data was classified according to Ishihara 2010s definition of pragmatic resistance Then we compared the choices with their linguistic performance on DCTs in order to determine if they are indicative of a pragmatic resistance In addition the interviewees were asked to justify their choices of behavior in a particular scenario The results of the MQs and DCTs were then examined using descriptive statistics and ztests The CLKs were found employ euphemistic phrases such as sorry or thank you This is likely due to their lack experience with the target languages leading to a lack of knowledge of koreans pragmatic norms The results showed that CLKs preferences for converging to L1 or dissociating from both L1 and L2 pragmatic norms varied by the DCT situations In the scenarios 3 and 12 CLKs preferred diverging from both L1pragmatic norms and L2pragmatic norms while in Situation 14 CLKs preferred convergence to L1 norms The RIs also revealed the CLKs were aware of their pragmatic resistance in each DCT situation The RIs were conducted onetoone within two days of the participants completed the MQs The RIs were recorded and transcribed and then coded by two coders from different companies The coders worked in an iterative manner and involved the coders reading and discussing each transcript The results of coding are contrasted with the original RI transcripts to determine if they accurately portrayed the underlying behavior Refusal Interviews RIs One of the major questions in pragmatic research is why some learners decide to rescind the pragmatic norms of native speakers A recent study sought to answer this question employing a range of experimental tools including DCTs MQs and RIs The participants were comprised of 46 CLKs 44 CNSs and 45 KNSs from five Korean universities The participants were asked to complete the DCTs and MQs in their L1 or L2 They were then invited to an RI where they were asked to reflect and discuss their responses to each DCT situation The results showed that on average the CLKs resisted nativespeaker pragmatic norms in more than 40 of their answers They did so even though they could create nativelike patterns In addition they were conscious of their own pragmatism They attributed their choices to learnerinternal factors such as their identities personalities multilingual identities and ongoing lives They also referred to external factors such as relational affordances They also discussed for instance how their interactions with their professors helped them to perform better in terms of the linguistic and cultural norms at their university However the interviewees expressed concern about the social pressures and punishments that they might be subjected to if they strayed from their local social norms They were concerned that their native counterparts may view them as foreigners and think they were unintelligent This was a concern similar to the concerns expressed by Brown 2013 and Ishihara 2009 These findings suggest that nativespeakers pragmatic norms arent the norm for Korean learners They could still be useful for official Korean proficiency tests However it is prudent for future researchers to revisit their applicability in specific situations and in various contexts This will enable them to better understand how different cultural environments can affect the pragmatic behavior of L2 students in the classroom and beyond Furthermore it will assist educators to create more effective methods to teach and test korea pragmatics Seukhoon Paul Choi principal advisor at Stratways Group in Seoul is a geopolitical risks consultancy Case Studies The case study method is a research strategy that utilizes deep participatory investigations to investigate a specific topic It is a method that uses various sources of information to support the findings including interviews observations documents and artifacts This kind of research can be used to study specific or complicated subjects that are difficult for other methods to measure In a case study the first step is to clearly define both the subject and the goals of the study This will help determine which aspects of the subject are important to study and which are best left out It is also beneficial to read the literature to gain a general understanding of the subject and put the issue in a larger theoretical context This study was based on an open source platform that is the KMMLU leaderboard 50 and its specific benchmarks for Korea HyperCLOVA X and LDCCSolar figure 1 below The results of this study showed that L2 Korean learners were highly dependent on the influence of native models They were more likely to pick incorrect answer choices which were literal interpretations This was a deviation from accurate pragmatic inference They also exhibited an unnatural tendency to add their own text or garbage to their responses further reducing their quality of response Moreover the participants of this study were L2 Korean learners who had reached level 4 on the Test of Proficiency in Korean TOPIK in their second or third year at university and were hoping to achieve level 6 on their next attempt They were questioned about their WTCSPCC pragmatic awareness and understanding knowledge of the world Interviewees were presented with two hypothetical situations which involved interactions with their interlocutors and asked to select one of the strategies below to use when making a demand The interviewees were then asked to justify their choice Most of the participants attributed their rational opposition to their personalities For example TS claimed that she was difficult to talk to and so she did not want to inquire about the wellbeing of her friend with the burden of a job despite her belief that native Koreans would ask