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Additionally stimulation of THP1 cancer cells with cytokines that increased TGFβ expression increased the fraction of killed cells In conclusion we have shown that healthy donors and cancer patients harbor CD4 and CD8 T cells specific for TGFβderived epitopes and that cytotoxic T cells with specificity toward TGFβderived epitopes are able to recognize and kill cancer cell lines in a TGFβdependent mannerUnderstanding the immune responses elicited by SARSCoV2 infection is critical in terms of protection against reinfection and thus for public health policy and vaccine development for COVID19 In this study using either live SARSCoV2 particles or retroviruses pseudotyped with the SARSCoV2 S viral surface protein Spike we studied the neutralizing antibody nAb response in serum samples from a cohort of 140 SARSCoV2 qPCRconfirmed infections including patients with mild symptoms and also more severe forms including those that required intensive care We show that nAb titers correlated strongly with disease severity and with antispike IgG levels Indeed patients from intensive care units exhibited high nAb titers conversely patients with milder disease symptoms had heterogeneous nAb titers and asymptomatic or exclusive outpatientcare patients had no or low nAbs We found that nAb activity in SARSCoV2infected patients displayed a relatively rapid decline after recovery compared to individuals infected with other coronaviruses Moreover we found an absence of crossneutralization between endemic coronaviruses and SARSCoV2 indicating that previous infection by human coronaviruses may not generate protective nAbs against SARSCoV2 Finally we found that the D614G mutation in the spike protein which has recently been identified as the current major variant in Europe does not allow neutralization escape Altogether our results contribute to our understanding of the immune correlates of SARSCoV2induced disease and rapid evaluation of the role of the humoral response in the pathogenesis of SARSCoV2 is warrantedThe aryl hydrocarbon receptor AHR is a ligandactivated transcription factor initially identified as the receptor for dioxin Almost half a century after its discovery AHR is now recognized as a receptor for multiple physiological ligands with important roles in health and disease In this review we discuss the role of AHR in the gutbrain axis and its potential value as a therapeutic target for immunemediated diseasesSjögrens syndrome SS is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by progressive inflammation and tissue damage in salivary glands and lacrimal glands Our previous studies showed that myeloidderived suppressor cells MDSCs exhibited impaired immunosuppressive function during disease progression in patients with SS and mice with experimental Sjögrens syndrome ESS but it remains unclear whether restoring the function of MDSCs can effectively ameliorate the development of ESS In this study we found that murine olfactory ectomesenchymal stem cellderived exosomes OEMSCExos significantly enhanced the suppressive function of MDSCs by upregulating arginase expression and increasing ROS and NO levels Moreover treatment with OEMSCExos via intravenous injection markedly attenuated disease progression and restored MDSC function in ESS mice Mechanistically OEMSCExosecreted IL6 activated the Jak2Stat3 pathway in MDSCs In addition the abundant S100A4 in OEMSCExos acted as a key factor in mediating the endogenous production of IL6 by MDSCs via TLR4 signaling indicating an autocrine pathway of MDSC functional modulation by IL6 Taken together our results demonstrated that OEMSCExos possess therapeutic potential to attenuate ESS progression by enhancing the immunosuppressive function of MDSCs possibly constituting a new strategy for the treatment of Sjögrens syndrome and other autoimmune diseasesDuring the COVID19 pandemic the need to provide highlevel care for a large number of patients with COVID19 has affected resourcing for and limited the routine care of all other conditions The impact of this health emergency is particularly relevant in the rare connective tissue diseases rCTDs communities as discussed in this Perspective article by the multistakeholder European Reference Network on Rare and Complex Connective Tissue and Musculoskeletal Diseases ERN ReCONNET this website The clinical organizational and health economic challenges faced by healthcare providers institutions patients and their families during the SARSCoV2 outbreak have demonstrated the importance of ensuring continuity of care in the management of rCTDs including adequate diagnostics and monitoring protocols and highlighted the need for a structured emergency strategy The vulnerability of patients with rCTDs needs to be taken into account when planning future health policies in preparation for not only the postCOVID era but also any possible new health emergenciesIn cancer cells metabolic pathways are reprogrammed to promote cell proliferation and growth While the rewiring of central biosynthetic pathways is being extensively studied the dynamics of phospholipids in cancer cells are still poorly understood In our study we sought to evaluate de novo biosynthesis of glycerophospholipids GPLs in ex vivo lung cancer explants and corresponding normal lung tissue from six patients by utilizing a stable isotopic labeling approach Incorporation of fully 13Clabeled glucose into the backbone of phosphatidylethanolamine PE phosphatidylcholine PC and phosphatidylinositol PI was analyzed by liquid chromatographymass spectrometry Lung cancer tissue showed significantly elevated isotopic enrichment within the glycerol backbone of PE normalized to its incorporation into PI compared to that in normal lung tissue however the size of the PE pool normalized to the size of the PI pool was smaller in tumor tissue These findings indicate enhanced PE turnover in lung cancer tissue Elevated biosynthesis of PE in lung cancer tissue was supported by enhanced expression of the PE biosynthesis genes ETNK2 and EPT1 and decreased expression of the PC and PI biosynthesis genes CHPT1 and CDS2 respectively in different subtypes of lung cancer in publicly available datasets Our study demonstrates that incorporation of glucosederived carbons into the glycerol backbone of GPLs can be monitored to study phospholipid dynamics in tumor explants and shows that PE turnover is elevated in lung cancer tissue compared to normal lung tissue