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The formation of carbocations is reversible after alkalization the ions return to the original neutral forms Unlike most triarylmethyl derivatives known so far in the crystal the triarylmethanol parasubstituted with the chiral moiety shows a propensity for a solidstate sorting phenomenonDissociation processes involving phosphorus cations were investigated during laserassisted atom probe tomography of crystalline indium phosphide InP This technique not only allows the formation of mediumsized phosphorus cations by means of femtosecond laser pulses under ultrahigh vacuum and high electric field conditions but also allows one to study the timeresolved dissociation dynamics Data reveal the formation of cations up to P232 and their subsequent dissociation into two smaller P k cations k 2 The use of a time and positionsensitive detector combined with numerical calculations provided information related to the molecule orientation decay time and kinetic energy release during dissociation phenomena Results suggest that the dissociation processes are most likely due to the emission of P k 2 cations in excited states and their subsequent decay in low field regions during their flight toward the detector This study provides operative guidelines to obtain information on dissociation processes using a tomographic atom probe as a reaction microscope and indicates the current capabilities and limitations of such an approachCO2 sequestration in shale reservoirs is an economically viable option to alleviate carbon emission Kerogen a major component in the organic matter in shale is associated with a large number of nanopores which might be filled with water However the CO2 storage mechanism and capacity in waterfilled kerogen nanopores are poorly understood Therefore in this work we use molecular dynamics simulation to study the effects of kerogen maturity and pore size on CO2 storage mechanism and capacity in waterfilled kerogen nanopores Type II kerogen with different degrees of maturity IIA IIB IIC and IID is chosen and three pore sizes 1 2 and 4 nm are designed The results show that CO2 storage mechanisms are different in the 1 nm pore and the larger ones In 1 nm kerogen pores water is completely displaced by CO2 due to the strong interactions between kerogen and CO2 as well as among CO2 CO2 storage capacity in 1 nm pores can be up to 15 times its bulk phase in a given volume On the other hand in 2 and 4 nm pores while CO2 is dissolved in the middle of the pore away from the kerogen surface in the vicinity of the kerogen surface CO2 can form nanosized clusters These CO2 clusters would enhance the overall CO2 storage capacity in the nanopores while the enhancement becomes less significant as pore size increases Kerogen maturity has minor influences on CO2 storage capacity Type IIA immature kerogen has the lowest storage capacity because of its high heteroatom surface density which can form hydrogen bonds with water and reduce the available CO2 storage space The other three kerogens are comparable in terms of CO2 storage capacity This work should shed some light on CO2 storage evaluation in shale reservoirsLiquidliquid phase separation LLPS underlies the formation mechanism of membraneless biomolecular condensates locally to perform important physiological functions such as selective autophagy but little is known about the relationship between their dynamic structural organization and biophysical properties Here a darkfield microscopy based single plasmonic nanoparticle tracking DFSPT technique was introduced to simultaneously monitor the diffusion dynamics of multiple gold nanorod AuNR probes in a protein LLPS system and to quantitatively characterize the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of the LLPS condensates during their phase transformation Based on spatially and temporally resolved analysis of the diffusional behavior of the AuNRs structure and material properties of p62 condensates such as the viscoelasticity the compartmentalization and the recruitment of proteincovered nanoparticles into the large droplet have been observed Moreover the nonsmooth droplet interface its solidification after further phase transition or maturation and the size effect of the inner vacuoles have also been revealed Our method can be potentially applied to in vitro investigation of different reconstituted membranefree biomolecular condensates and in vivo study of their dynamic evolutionThe phenomenon of amyloid polymorphism is a key feature of protein aggregation Unravelling this phenomenon is of great significance for understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms associated with neurodegenerative diseases and for the development of amyloidbased functional biomaterials However the understanding of the molecular origins and the physicochemical factors modulating amyloid polymorphs remains challenging Herein we demonstrate an association between amyloid polymorphism and environmental stress in solution induced by an airwater interface in motion Our results reveal that lowstress environments produce heterogeneous amyloid polymorphs including twisted helical and rodlike fibrils whereas highstress conditions generate only homogeneous rodlike fibrils Moreover high environmental stress converts twisted fibrils into rodlike fibrils both inpathway and after the completion of mature amyloid formation These results enrich our understanding of the environmental origin of polymorphism of pathological amyloids and shed light on the potential of environmentally controlled fabrication of homogeneous amyloid biomaterials for biotechnological applicationsInfluenza viruses continue evolving and have the ability to cause a global pandemic so it is very important to elucidate its pathogenesis and find new treatment methods In recent years proteomics has made important contributions to describing the dynamic interaction between influenza viruses and their hosts especially in posttranslational regulation of a variety of key biological processes Protein posttranslational modifications PTMs increase the diversity of functionality of the organismal proteome and affect almost all aspects of pathogen biology primarily by regulating the structure function and localization of the modified proteins XL184 chemical Considerable technical achievements in mass spectrometrybased proteomics have been made in a large number of proteomewide surveys of PTMs in many different organisms Herein we specifically focus on the proteomic studies regarding a variety of PTMs that occur in both the influenza viruses mainly influenza A viruses IAVs and their hosts including phosphorylation ubiquitination and ubiquitinlike modification glycosylation methylation acetylation and some types of acylation