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The Academys Evolution Site The concept of biological evolution is among the most fundamental concepts in biology The Academies are committed to helping those interested in science to learn about the theory of evolution and how it can be applied throughout all fields of scientific research This site provides a range of resources for teachers students and general readers on evolution It has the most important video clips from NOVA and WGBHproduced science programs on DVD Tree of Life The Tree of Life an ancient symbol represents the interconnectedness of all life It is used in many spiritual traditions and cultures as symbolizing unity and love It also has many practical applications like providing a framework for understanding the evolution of species and how they respond to changes in environmental conditions The first attempts to depict the world of biology were founded on categorizing organisms on their metabolic and physical characteristics These methods which are based on the collection of various parts of organisms or short fragments of DNA have significantly increased the diversity of a tree of Life2 These trees are mostly populated by eukaryotes and bacterial diversity is vastly underrepresented34 By avoiding the necessity for direct observation and experimentation genetic techniques have made it possible to represent the Tree of Life in a much more accurate way We can construct trees using molecular methods like the smallsubunit ribosomal gene The Tree of Life has been greatly expanded thanks to genome sequencing However there is 무료 에볼루션 to be discovered This is particularly relevant to microorganisms that are difficult to cultivate and are typically present in a single sample5 A recent analysis of all genomes known to date has created a rough draft of the Tree of Life including a large number of bacteria and archaea that have not been isolated and their diversity is not fully understood6 The expanded Tree of Life is particularly useful for assessing the biodiversity of an area helping to determine if certain habitats require special protection This information can be used in a variety of ways such as identifying new drugs combating diseases and improving crops This information is also beneficial for conservation efforts It can help biologists identify areas that are likely to be home to cryptic species which may have important metabolic functions and be vulnerable to changes caused by humans While conservation funds are important the best way to conserve the biodiversity of the world is to equip more people in developing countries with the knowledge they need to act locally and support conservation Phylogeny A phylogeny also known as an evolutionary tree shows the relationships between different organisms Utilizing molecular data morphological similarities and differences or ontogeny the process of the development of an organism scientists can construct a phylogenetic tree that illustrates the evolutionary relationships between taxonomic categories The role of phylogeny is crucial in understanding biodiversity genetics and evolution A basic phylogenetic tree see Figure PageIndex 10 Finds the connections between organisms that have similar characteristics and have evolved from an ancestor with common traits These shared traits are either analogous or homologous Homologous traits share their evolutionary roots while analogous traits appear like they do but dont have the identical origins Scientists organize similar traits into a grouping called a the clade For instance all of the species in a clade have the characteristic of having amniotic eggs and evolved from a common ancestor that had these eggs A phylogenetic tree is constructed by connecting clades to identify the organisms who are the closest to each other Scientists make use of molecular DNA or RNA data to construct a phylogenetic graph that is more accurate and precise This information is more precise and gives evidence of the evolution of an organism Researchers can utilize Molecular Data to estimate the age of evolution of organisms and determine the number of organisms that share an ancestor common to all Phylogenetic relationships can be affected by a variety of factors that include phenotypicplasticity This is a type behaviour that can change due to particular environmental conditions This can cause a characteristic to appear more similar to a species than to another and obscure the phylogenetic signals This problem can be mitigated by using cladistics This is a method that incorporates a combination of analogous and homologous features in the tree Additionally phylogenetics can help determine the duration and rate of speciation This information can aid conservation biologists to make decisions about which species they should protect from the threat of extinction In the end its the conservation of phylogenetic diversity that will lead to an ecosystem that is balanced and complete Evolutionary Theory The fundamental concept of evolution is that organisms acquire various characteristics over time as a result of their interactions with their environments Many theories of evolution have been developed by a wide range of scientists such as the Islamic naturalist Nasir alDin alTusi 12011274 who envisioned an organism developing slowly in accordance with its needs the Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus 17071778 who designed the modern hierarchical taxonomy as well as JeanBaptiste Lamarck 17441829 who suggested that the use or nonuse of traits causes changes that can be passed on to offspring In the 1930s and 1940s concepts from various areas including natural selection genetics particulate inheritance came together to form a contemporary evolutionary theory 무료 에볼루션 describes how evolution happens through the variation in genes within the population and how these variants change over time as a result of natural selection This model which incorporates genetic drift mutations gene flow and sexual selection can be mathematically described mathematically Recent discoveries in the field of evolutionary developmental biology have demonstrated how variation can be introduced to a species through genetic drift mutations reshuffling genes during sexual reproduction and migration between populations These processes in conjunction with others such as directionallyselected selection and erosion of genes changes in the frequency of genotypes over time can result in evolution Evolution is defined by changes in the genome over time and changes in the phenotype the expression of genotypes in an individual Students can better understand the concept of phylogeny through incorporating evolutionary thinking in all aspects of biology A recent study conducted by Grunspan and colleagues for example demonstrated that teaching about the evidence for evolution helped students accept the concept of evolution in a college biology course For more details about how to teach evolution look up The Evolutionary Potential in all Areas of Biology or Thinking Evolutionarily a Framework for Infusing Evolution into Life Sciences Education Evolution in Action Traditionally scientists have studied evolution by studying fossils comparing species and observing living organisms Evolution isnt a flims moment it is a process that continues today The virus reinvents itself to avoid new medications and bacteria mutate to resist antibiotics Animals alter their behavior because of the changing environment The results are usually easy to see It wasnt until the 1980s when biologists began to realize that natural selection was at work The key is the fact that different traits can confer the ability to survive at different rates and reproduction and can be passed down from one generation to the next In the past if one allele the genetic sequence that determines colour appeared in a population of organisms that interbred it could become more common than other allele As time passes this could mean that the number of moths that have black pigmentation may increase The same is true for many other characteristicsincluding morphology and behaviorthat vary among populations of organisms It is easier to observe evolutionary change when an organism like bacteria has a high generation turnover Since 1988 biologist Richard Lenski has been tracking twelve populations of E Coli that descended from a single strain samples of each are taken every day and more than 50000 generations have now passed Lenskis research has demonstrated that mutations can alter the rate at which change occurs and the rate of a populations reproduction It also demonstrates that evolution is slowmoving a fact that many are unable to accept Another example of microevolution is that mosquito genes for resistance to pesticides appear more frequently in populations in which insecticides are utilized This is due to pesticides causing a selective pressure which favors those with resistant genotypes The speed at which evolution can take place has led to an increasing recognition of its importance in a world that is shaped by human activity including climate changes pollution and the loss of habitats which prevent many species from adapting Understanding the evolution process can help us make better decisions about the future of our planet and the life of its inhabitants