Gurgen
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In summary each histone tail adopts a characteristic dynamic state but regulates one other probably creating a histone tail network even on a nucleosomeThe ribosome translates the genetic code into proteins in all domains of life Its size and complexity demand longrange interactions that regulate ribosome function These interactions are largely unknown Here we apply a global coevolution method statistical coupling analysis SCA to identify coevolving residue networks sectors within the 23S ribosomal RNA rRNA of the large ribosomal subunit As in proteins SCA reveals a hierarchical organization of evolutionary constraints with nearindependent groups of nucleotides forming physically contiguous networks within the threedimensional structure Using a quantitative continuousculturewithdeepsequencing assay we confirm that the top two SCApredicted sectors contribute to ribosome function These sectors map to distinct ribosome activities and their origins trace to phylogenetic divergences across all domains of life These findings provide a foundation to map ribosome allostery explore ribosome biogenesis and engineer ribosomes for new functions Despite differences in chemical structure protein and RNA enzymes appear to share a common internal logic of interaction and assemblyMedulloblastoma is the most common malignant brain tumor in children Here we describe a medulloblastoma model using Induced pluripotent stem iPS cellderived human neuroepithelial stem NES cells generated from a Gorlin syndrome patient carrying a germline mutation in the sonic hedgehog SHH receptor PTCH1 We found that Gorlin NES cells formed tumors in mouse cerebellum mimicking human medulloblastoma Retransplantation of tumorisolated NES tNES cells resulted in accelerated tumor formation cells with reduced growth factor dependency enhanced neurosphere formation in vitro and increased sensitivity to Vismodegib Using our model we identified LGALS1 to be a GLI target gene that is upregulated in both Gorlin tNES cells and SHHsubgroup of medulloblastoma patients Taken together we demonstrate that NES cells derived from Gorlin patients can be used as a resource to model medulloblastoma initiation and progression and to identify putative targetsCarbon and nitrogen isotope ratios in hair sampled from 65 communities across the central and intermountain regions of the United States and more intensively throughout 29 ZIP codes in the Salt Lake Valley Utah revealed a dietary divergence related to socioeconomic status as measured by cost of living household income and adjusted gross income Cornfed animalderived proteins were more common in the diets of lower socioeconomic status populations than were plantderived proteins with individual estimates of animalderived protein diets as high as 75 United States towns and cities averaged 57 Similar patterns were seen across the socioeconomic status spectrum in the Salt Lake Valley It is likely that cornfed animal proteins were associated with concentrated animalfeeding operations a common practice for industrial animal production in the United States today Given recent studies highlighting the negative impacts of animalderived proteins in our diets hair carbon isotope ratios could provide an approach for scaling assessments of animalsourced foods and health risks in communities across the United StatesSnow plays a fundamental role in global water resources climate and biogeochemical processes however no global snow drought assessments currently exist GW6471 Changes in the duration and intensity of droughts can significantly impact ecosystems food and water security agriculture hydropower and the socioeconomics of a region We characterize the duration and intensity of snow droughts snow water equivalent deficits worldwide and differences in their distributions over 1980 to 2018 We find that snow droughts became more prevalent intensified and lengthened across the western United States WUS Eastern Russia Europe and the WUS emerged as hot spots for snow droughts experiencing 2 16 and 28 longer snow drought durations respectively in the latter half of 1980 to 2018 In this second half of the record these regions exhibited a higher probability relative to the first half of the record of having a snow drought exceed the average intensity from the first period by 3 4 and 15 The Hindu Kush and Central Asia extratropical Andes greater Himalayas and Patagonia however experienced decreases percent changes in the average snow drought duration 4 7 8 and 16 respectively Although we do not attempt to separate natural and human influences with a detailed attribution analysis we discuss some relevant physical processes eg Arctic amplification and polar vortex movement that likely contribute to observed changes in snow drought characteristics We also demonstrate how our framework can facilitate drought monitoring and assessment by examining two snow deficits that posed large socioeconomic challenges in the WUS 20142015 and Afghanistan 20172018The Japanese government developed a strategy for plastics and laid out ambitious targets including the reduction of 25 for singleuse plastic waste and the reuserecycling of 60 for plastic containers and packaging by 2030 However the current usage situation of singleuse plastics including containers and packaging which should be a basis of the strategy is unclear Here we identify the nationwide material flow of plastics in Japan based on inputoutput tables Of the domestic plastic demand of 84 Mt in 2015 16 and 25 Mt were estimated to be for containers and packaging comprising household and industry inflows respectively through the purchaseprocurement of products services and raw materials Considering the current amount of recycling collected from households 10 Mt and industries 03 to 04 Mt the reuserecycling target has already been achieved if the goal is limited to household container and packaging waste as is the focus of Japans recycling law Conversely the results indicate that it will be extremely difficult to reach the target collectively with industries