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Study of Chinese Learners Pedagogical Choices in Korean In addition to the learnerinternal aspects CLKs awareness of the need to be pragmatic and the relationship advantages they were able to draw from were important For instance the RIs from TS and ZL both cited their local professor relationships as a significant factor in their pragmatic choice to avoid expressing criticism of an uncompromising professor see the second example This article examines all local pragmatic research on Korean published until 2020 It focuses on the most important practical issues including Discourse Construction Tests DCTs The discourse completion test is a common tool in the field of pragmatic research It has numerous advantages but also some disadvantages For instance the DCT is unable to account for cultural and individual differences in communicative behavior The DCT can also be biased and result in overgeneralizations It is important to carefully analyze the data before being used for research or assessment Despite its limitations the DCT is a useful tool for analyzing the connection between prosody information structure and nonnative speakers The ability of the DCT in two or more stages to manipulate the social variables that are related to politeness can be a strength This feature can help researchers to study the role played by prosody in communication across different cultural contexts which is a major issue in crosscultural pragmatics In the field of linguistics the DCT has emerged as one of the most significant tools for analyzing learners communication behaviors It can be used to study many issues such as politeness turntaking and lexical choices It can be used to evaluate the phonological difficulty of learners their speech A recent study employed an DCT to evaluate EFL students refusal skills The participants were given an array of scenarios and were asked to select an appropriate response from the options offered The authors concluded that the DCT was more effective than other refusal measures such as a questionnaire or video recordings Researchers cautioned however that the DCT must be used with caution They also recommended using other methods of data collection DCTs can be designed with specific requirements for linguistics such as design and content These criteria are based on intuition and is based on the assumptions made by the test designers They are not necessarily precise and they could misrepresent the way that ELF learners actually refuse requests in realworld interaction This issue requires more study on alternative methods for measuring refusal competence In a recent study DCT responses to student inquiries via email were compared to those from an oral DCT The results revealed that DCTs preferred more direct and traditionally indirect requests and utilized hints less than email data Metapragmatic Questionnaires MQs This study examined Chinese learners pragmatic choices when it comes to using Korean using a variety of experimental tools including Discourse Completion Tasks DCTs as well as metapragmatic questionnaires and Refusal Interviews RIs Participants were 46 CLKs at the upperintermediate who participated in DCTs MQs and RIs They were also asked to provide reflections on their opinions and refusals in RIs The results showed that CLKs frequently chose to resist native Korean pragmatic norms Their decisions were influenced by four factors their personalities and multilingual identities their current life experiences as well as their relational affordances These findings have pedagogical consequences for L2 Korean assessment The MQ data was first analyzed to determine the participants practical choices The data were categorized according to Ishiharas 2010 definition of pragmatic resistance Then we compared the choices made by the participants with their linguistic performance on the DCTs in order to determine if they are indicative of resistance to pragmatics The interviewees also had to explain the reasons for choosing a pragmatic behavior in certain situations The results of the MQs DCTs and ztests were analyzed with descriptive statistics and z tests It was found that CLKs frequently used phrases like sorry and thank you This could be due to their lack of familiarity with the target language which resulted in an inadequate understanding of korea pragmatic norms The results showed that CLKs preference to differ from L1 and L2 norms or to converge towards L1 varied depending on the DCT situations For example in Situation 3 and 12 the CLKs would prefer to diverge from both L1 and L2 pragmatic norms while in Situation 14 they favored converging to L1 norms The RIs showed that CLKs knew about their practical resistance to each DCT situation The RIs were conducted in a onetoone manner within two days after participants had completed the MQs The RIs were recorded and transcribed and then coded by two coders from different companies The coding was an iterative process where the coders listened and discussed each transcript The results of coding are contrasted with the original RI transcripts to determine if they reflected the actual behavior Refusal Interviews RIs The most important problem in the field of pragmatic research is Why do certain learners decide to not accept nativespeaker norms Recent research sought to answer this question by using various experimental tools including DCTs MQs and RIs The participants were comprised of 46 CLKs 44 CNSs and 45 KNSs from five Korean universities 프라그마틱 슬롯 조작 were required to complete the DCTs and MQs either in their L1 or L2 They were then invited to an RI where they were required to reflect on and discuss their responses to each DCT situation The results showed that on average the CLKs rejected nativespeaker pragmatic norms in over 40 of their answers They did this despite the fact that they could create nativelike patterns They were also aware of their pragmatism resistance They attributed their resistance to learnerinternal factors like their personality and multilingual identities They also referred to external factors like relational affordances For instance they discussed how their relationships with professors helped facilitate a more relaxed performance in relation to the linguistic and intercultural norms of their university The interviewees expressed concerns about the social pressures or consequences they might face when their social norms were violated They were concerned that their native counterparts might view them as foreignersand consider them unintelligent This worry was similar to the one expressed by Brown 2013 and Ishihara 2009 These results suggest that nativespeaker practical norms are not the preferred choice of Korean learners They may still be useful for official Korean proficiency tests But it would be prudent for future researchers to reassess their usefulness in particular situations and in various cultural contexts This will allow them to better know how different cultures may impact the pragmatic behavior of L2 learners in the classroom and beyond This will also assist educators to create better methods for teaching and testing Korean pragmatics Seukhoon Paul Choi is principal advisor for Stratways Group a geopolitical risk consultancy based out of Seoul Case Studies The case study method is an investigative technique that uses participantcentered indepth investigations to explore a specific subject It is a method that utilizes various sources of information to support the findings including interviews observations documents and artifacts This type of investigation is useful when analyzing complicated or unique subjects that are difficult to quantify using other methods The first step in a case study is to define the subject and the objectives of the study This will allow you to determine which aspects of the subject matter are essential for investigation and which ones can be omitted It is also helpful to read the literature on to the subject to gain a greater knowledge of the subject and place the case study in a broader theoretical context This study was based on an opensource platform called the KMMLU Leaderboard 50 along with its Koreanspecific benchmarks HyperCLOVA X and LDCC Solar figure 1 below The results of the test revealed that L2 Korean students were highly vulnerable to native models They were more likely to pick incorrect answer choices which were literal interpretations This was a deviation from a precise pragmatic inference They also showed an inclination to add their own text or garbage to their responses which further hampered the quality of their responses Furthermore the participants of this case study were primarily L2 Korean learners who had attained level 4 on the Test of Proficiency in Korean TOPIK at the end of their second or third year at university and were aiming to reach level 6 in their next attempt They were required to answer questions regarding their WTCSPCC as well as comprehension and pragmatic awareness The interviewees were given two scenarios each of which involved an imaginary interaction with their interactants and were asked to choose one of the following strategies when making a request They were then asked to provide the reasoning behind their choice Most of the participants attributed their pragmatic resistance to their personalities For instance TS claimed that she was hard to get close to and therefore did not want to inquire about the wellbeing of her friend with an intense workload despite the fact that she believed that native Koreans would do this