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Study of Chinese Learners Pedagogical Choices in Korean In addition to learnerinternal influences CLKs understanding of pragmatic resistance and the relational affordances they could draw on were significant Researchers from TS and ZL for instance mentioned their relationships with their local professors as the primary reason for their rational decision to avoid criticism of a strict professor see example 2 This article reviews all local pragmatic research on Korean until 2020 It focuses on core practical issues including Discourse Construction Tests The discourse completion test is a common tool in the field of pragmatic research It has many advantages but it also has a few drawbacks For example the DCT cannot account for the cultural and individual variations in communication The DCT can also be biased and result in overgeneralizations It is important to carefully analyze the data before it is used in research or assessment Despite its limitations the DCT is a useful tool to investigate the connection between prosody information structure and nonnative speakers Its ability to use two or more stages to alter social variables that affect politeness could be a benefit This feature can help researchers to study the role played by prosody in communication across different cultural contexts which is a major issue in crosscultural pragmatics In the field of linguistics the DCT is now one of the most important tools for analyzing learners communication behaviors It can be used to investigate numerous issues like manner of speaking turntaking and the choices made in lexical use It can be used to evaluate the phonological complexity of learners speech Recent research has used the DCT as tool to evaluate the skills of refusal among EFL students The participants were given a list of scenarios and asked to select an appropriate response from the choices provided The authors found that the DCT was more efficient than other methods of refusal including a questionnaire and video recordings The researchers cautioned that the DCT must be used with caution They also suggested using other methods for data collection DCTs can be developed using specific linguistic criteria such as the form and content These criteria are intuitive and are based on the assumptions of the test designers They are not always precise and could misrepresent how ELF learners actually reject requests in realworld interactions This issue calls for more research on alternative methods of assessing refusal competency In a recent study DCT responses to student inquiries via email were compared to those from an oral DCT The results showed that the DCT promoted more direct and conventionally indirect request forms and a lesser use of hints than the email data did Metapragmatic Questionnaires MQs This study investigated Chinese learners their pragmatic choices when they use Korean It employed a variety of experimental tools including Discourse Completion Tasks metapragmatic questions and Refusal Interviews Participants were 46 CLKs of upperintermediate level who responded to DCTs MQs and RIs They were also asked for reflections on their evaluations and refusals in RIs The results indicated that the CLKs often resisted native Korean pragmatic norms and their decisions were influenced by four primary factors their personalities their multilingual identities ongoing life histories and relational benefits These findings have pedagogical implications for L2 Korean assessment and teaching First the MQ data were analyzed to identify the participants pragmatic choices The data were categorized according to Ishiharas 2010 definition of pragmatic resistance Then we compared their choices with their linguistic performance on the DCTs to determine if they were indicative of resistance to pragmatics The interviewees were asked to justify their decision to use pragmatic language in a specific situation The findings of the MQs and DCTs were then analyzed using descriptive statistics and Ztests The CLKs were found to use euphemistic words like sorry or thank you This was probably due to their lack of familiarity with the target languages leading to an insufficient understanding of the korean pragmatic norms The results showed that CLKs preferences for either converging to L1 norms or diverging from both L1 and L2 pragmatic norms varied by the DCT situations For example in Situation 3 and 12 the CLKs favored to diverge from both L1 and pragmatic norms whereas in Situation 14 they favored converging to L1 norms The RIs showed that CLKs knew about their pragmatic resistance to each DCT situation The RIs were conducted onetoone basis within a period of two days of participants completing the MQs The RIs were recorded and transcribed by two coders who were independent were then coded The code was recoded repeatedly with the coders rereading and discussing each transcript The results of the coding process are compared with the original RI transcripts to determine if they accurately portrayed the underlying behavior 프라그마틱 추천 RIs The most important problem in the field of pragmatic research is Why do certain learners choose not to accept nativespeaker norms A recent study attempted to answer this question using a variety of experimental instruments including DCTs MQs and RIs The participants comprised 46 CLKs 44 CNSs and 45 KNSs from five Korean universities They were required to complete the DCTs in their first language and to complete the MQs in either their L1 or their L2 They were then invited to an RI where they were required to think about and discuss their responses to each DCT scenario The results showed that CLKs on average did not conform to the pragmatic norms of native speakers in more than 40 percent of their responses They did this despite the fact that they could create nativelike patterns They were also aware of their pragmatic resistance They attributed their decision to learnerinternal variables such as their identities and personalities as well as multilingual identities They also referred external factors like relationship benefits They outlined for instance how their interactions with their professors helped them to function more easily in terms of the linguistic and social expectations of their university However the interviewees also expressed concern about the social pressures and punishments that they might face if they flouted their social norms They were concerned that their native friends would consider them foreigners and think they are unintelligent This concern was similar in nature to that expressed by Brown 2013 and Ishihara 2009 These results suggest that nativespeaker practical norms are no longer the default preference of Korean learners They may remain useful as a model for official Korean proficiency tests Future researchers should reassess the validity of these tests in various contexts and in particular situations This will allow them to better know how different cultures may impact the pragmatic behavior of L2 learners in the classroom and beyond This will also help educators improve their methods of teaching and testing Korean pragmatics Seukhoon Paul Choi is principal advisor at Stratways Group a geopolitical risk consulting firm based in Seoul Case Studies The case study method is a research method that focuses on intensive participantcentered research to investigate a specific topic This method makes use of multiple data sources like interviews observations and documents to confirm its findings This kind of research is ideal for studying unique or complex subjects which are difficult to assess with other methods The first step in conducting a case study is to clearly define the subject matter and the purpose of the study This will help determine what aspects of the subject matter are crucial for research and which could be left out It is also helpful to study the literature that is relevant to the subject to gain a greater knowledge of the subject and place the case in a broader theoretical context This case study was based on an open source platform such as the KMMLU leaderboard 50 and its Koreanspecific benchmarks HyperCLOVA X and LDCCSolar figure 1 below The results of the study showed that L2 Korean students were extremely vulnerable to native models They were more likely to select incorrect answer choices which were literal interpretations This was a deviance from a precise pragmatic inference They also had a strong tendency to add their own text or garbage to their responses which further hampered the quality of their responses The participants of this study were L2 Korean students who had attained the level of four in the Test of Proficiency in Korean TOPIK in their third or second year at university and hoped to achieve level six on their next attempt They were asked to answer questions regarding their WTCSPCC as well as pragmatic awareness and comprehension The interviewees were given two situations each involving a hypothetical interaction with their interlocutors and asked to choose one of the following strategies to employ when making a request They were then asked to explain the reasoning behind their choice The majority of participants attributed their pragmatist opposition to their personality For instance TS claimed that she was difficult to talk to and she therefore was reluctant to inquire about the health of her interlocutors despite having a heavy workload even though she believed that native Koreans would do this