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Study of Chinese Learners Pedagogical Choices in Korean In addition to learnerinternal influences CLKs understanding of pragmatic resistance and the relationship advantages they were able to draw from were crucial The RIs from TS ZL for instance mentioned their relationships with their local professors as a major factor in their rational decision to avoid criticism of a strict professor see the example 2 This article reviews all local pragmatic research on Korean published up to 2020 It focuses on practical core topics such as Discourse Construction Tests The Discourse Completion Test DCT is widely used in research that is based on pragmatic principles It has many advantages but it also has some drawbacks For example it is that the DCT cannot account for the cultural and individual differences in communicative behavior The DCT can also be biased and result in overgeneralizations It is essential to analyze it carefully before it is used for research or evaluation Despite its limitations the DCT is a useful instrument to study the relationship between prosody and information structure in nonnative speakers The ability of the DCT in two or more stages to alter social variables that affect politeness could be a benefit This can assist researchers understand the role of prosody in communicating across cultural contexts a key issue in crosscultural pragmatics In the field of linguistics DCT is among the most effective tools used for analyzing communication behaviors of learners It can be used to analyze many issues such as politeness turntaking and the use of lexical terms It can be used to evaluate the phonological complexity of learners in their speech Recent research has used a DCT as an instrument to test the skills of refusal among EFL students The participants were given an array of scenarios and were asked to choose the appropriate response from the choices provided The authors concluded that the DCT was more efficient than other methods of refusal such as a questionnaire or video recordings However the researchers cautioned that the DCT should be employed with caution and include other methods for collecting data DCTs can be designed using specific language requirements like design and content These criteria are based on intuition and based on the assumptions of test creators They arent always correct and they could incorrectly describe the way in which ELF learners actually resist requests in realworld interactions This issue calls for further studies of different methods of assessing refusal ability A recent study compared DCT responses to requests made by students through email with those gathered from an oral DCT The results revealed that DCTs favored more direct and traditionally indirect requests and utilized less hints than email data Metapragmatic Questionnaires MQs This study examined Chinese learners decisions regarding their use of Korean through a variety of experimental tools such as Discourse Completion Tasks DCTs as well as metapragmatic questionnaires and Refusal Interviews RIs Participants were 46 CLKs with intermediate or higher ability who responded to MQs and DCTs They were also required to provide reflections on their opinions and refusals in RIs The results showed that CLKs often chose to defy native Korean pragmatism norms Their decisions were influenced by four factors their personalities and multilingual identities their ongoing life histories and their relational affordances These findings have implications for L2 Korean assessment and teaching First the MQ data were analyzed to determine the participants rational choices The data were classified according to Ishiharas 2010 definition of pragmatic resistance Then we compared the choices with their linguistic performance on the DCTs in order to determine if they were a sign of resistance to pragmatics Interviewees were also required to explain the reasons for choosing an atypical behavior in certain situations The results of the MQs DCTs and ztests were analyzed with descriptive statistics and z tests It was discovered that the CLKs frequently resorted to euphemistic responses such as sorry and thank you This was likely due to their lack of familiarity with the target language which led to an insufficient understanding of korea pragmatic norms The results showed that CLKs preferences for either converging to L1 norms or departing from both L1 as well as L2 pragmatic norms differed based on the DCT situations In Situations 3 and 12 CLKs preferred diverging from both L1pragmatic norms and L2pragmatic norms while in Situation 14 CLKs preferred a convergence to L1 norms The RIs revealed that CLKs were aware of their practical resistance to each DCT situation The RIs were conducted onetoone within two days after participants had completed the MQs The RIs were recorded and transcribed then coded by two coders who were independent The coding process was iterative by the coders rereading and discussing each transcript The coding results are then compared with the original RI transcripts to determine if they accurately portrayed the underlying behavior Interviews for refusal A key question of pragmatic research is why some learners decide to rescind the pragmatic norms of native speakers Recent research sought to answer this question by using several experimental tools including DCTs MQs and RIs The participants comprised 46 CLKs 44 CNSs and 45 KNSs from five Korean universities Participants were required to complete the DCTs and MQs in their L1 or their L2 They were then invited to an RI where they were required to think about and discuss their responses to each DCT situation The results showed that CLKs on average did not adhere to the norms of native speakers in more than 40 of their responses They did this even though they were able to produce patterns that closely resembled natives They were also aware of their pragmatism resistance They attributed their choices to learnerinternal aspects such as their identities personalities and identities that are multilingual as well as ongoing life experiences Highly recommended Website mentioned external factors such as relational affordances They also discussed for instance how their relations with their professors enabled them to function more easily in terms of the linguistic and social standards of their university However the interviewees expressed concerns about the social pressures and penalties that they could be subjected to if they strayed from their social norms They were concerned that their native interlocutors might view them as foreignersand believe that they are unintelligent This concern was similar to those voiced by Brown 2013 and Ishihara 2009 These findings suggest that nativespeakers pragmatic norms are not the default preference for Korean learners They may still be useful for official Korean proficiency testing But it would be prudent for future researchers to reconsider their relevance in specific scenarios and in different cultural contexts This will enable them to better understand how different cultural environments can affect the pragmatic behavior of students in the classroom and beyond This will also assist educators to create better methods for teaching and testing Korean pragmatics Seukhoon Paul Choi is principal advisor to Stratways Group a geopolitical risk consultancy based in Seoul Case Studies The case study method is an investigational strategy that relies on participantcentered deep investigations to explore a specific subject This method makes use of numerous sources of information including interviews observations and documents to support its findings This type of investigation is useful when analyzing specific or complex subjects that are difficult to quantify with other methods In a case study the first step is to clearly define both the subject and the objectives of the study This will help determine what aspects of the subject matter are crucial for investigation and which ones could be left out It is also beneficial to study the literature to gain a general knowledge of the subject and put the issue in a wider theoretical context This case study was based upon an opensource platform called the KMMLU Leaderboard 50 and its benchmarks for Koreans HyperCLOVA X and LDCC Solar figure 1 below The results of the experiment revealed that the L2 Korean students were particularly vulnerable to native models They were more likely to select incorrect answer choices which were literal interpretations This was a deviance from accurate pragmatic inference They also showed a distinct tendency to include their own words or garbage to their responses This lowered the quality of their answers The participants in this study were all L2 Korean students who had reached the level of four in the Test of Proficiency in Korean TOPIK in their second or third year of university and were hoping to attain level six on their next attempt They were required to answer questions about their WTCSPCC as well as pragmatic awareness and comprehension The interviewees were presented two situations each involving an imagined interaction with their coworkers and asked to choose one of the following strategies to use when making an inquiry The interviewees were asked to justify their decision The majority of the participants attributed their pragmatism to their personalities TS for instance claimed that she was difficult to talk to and was hesitant to inquire about the health of her coworker when they had a lot of work even though she thought native Koreans would