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Study of Chinese Learners Pedagogical Choices in Korean In addition to learnerinternal influences CLKs understanding of the need to be pragmatic and the relational affordances they could draw on were crucial RIs from TS and ZL for example were able to cite their relationship with their local professor as a major factor in their pragmatic decision to avoid criticism of a strict professor see the example 2 This article reviews all local practical research on Korean up to 2020 It focuses on core pragmatic issues such as Discourse Construction Tests The test for discourse completion is a common instrument in pragmatic research It has numerous advantages but also some disadvantages For instance the DCT is unable to account for cultural and personal variations in communication The DCT can also be biased and lead to overgeneralizations Therefore it is important to analyze it carefully prior to using it for research or for assessment purposes Despite its limitations the DCT can be a useful instrument to study the relationship between prosody information structure and nonnative speakers The ability of the DCT in two or more stages to manipulate the social variables that are related to politeness is a plus This characteristic can be utilized to study the impact of prosody in various cultural contexts In the field of linguistics DCT is one of the most useful tools to study the behavior of communication learners It can be used to study numerous issues like the manner of speaking turntaking and the choices made in lexical use It can be used to determine phonological complexity in learners speech Recent research utilized the DCT as a tool to assess the refusal skills of EFL students Participants were presented with a variety of scenarios to choose from and then asked to choose the appropriate response The researchers discovered that the DCT to be more effective than other refusal methods like the use of a questionnaire or video recordings Researchers warned however that the DCT should be used with caution 프라그마틱 슬롯 추천 suggested using other methods for data collection DCTs can be developed using specific requirements for linguistics such as the form and content These criteria are intuitive and are based on the assumptions of the test designers They arent always exact and could be misleading in describing how ELF learners actually reject requests in realworld interactions This issue calls for more research on alternative methods of testing refusal competence In a recent study DCT responses to student requests via email were compared to those from an oral DCT The results showed that DCTs preferred more direct and traditionally indirect request forms and utilized hints less than email data Metapragmatic Questionnaires MQs This study examined Chinese learners their pragmatic choices when they use Korean It used various experimental tools such as Discourse Completion Tasks metapragmatic questions and Refusal Interviews Participants were 46 CLKs of upperintermediate proficiency who gave responses to DCTs and MQs They were also asked for reflections on their opinions and their refusals to participate in RIs The results revealed that CLKs are more likely to defy native Korean pragmatism norms Their choices were influenced primarily by four factors their personalities and multilingual identities their ongoing life histories as well as their relationship affordances These findings have implications for L2 Korean assessment and teaching The MQ data was analyzed first to identify the participants choices in practice The data were classified according to Ishiharas 2010 definition of pragmatic resistance Then the responses were compared to their linguistic performance in DCTs to determine whether they were a reflection of pragmatic resistance or not Interviewees also had to explain why they chose the pragmatic approach in certain situations The results of the MQs and DCTs were then analysed using descriptive statistics and Ztests It was found that the CLKs frequently resorted to euphemistic responses such as sorry and thank you This is likely due to their lack of experience with the target language which resulted in an inadequate knowledge of korea pragmatic norms The results showed that CLKs preference to diverge from L1 and 2 norms or to move toward L1 differed based on the DCT circumstances For instance in Situations 3 and 12 the CLKs favored to diverge from both L1 and pragmatic norms while in Situation 14 they favored converging to L1 norms The RIs showed that CLKs were aware of their practical resistance to each DCT situation The RIs were conducted on a onetoone basis within two days of participants having completed the MQs The RIs were transcribed and recorded by two independent coders who then coded them The code was recoded repeatedly by the coders rereading and discussing each transcript The results of the coding process were evaluated against the original RI transcripts which gave an indication of how the RIs accurately portrayed the core behaviors Refusal Interviews The central issue in research on pragmatics is why do some learners choose not to accept nativespeaker norms Recent research attempted to answer this question using several experiments including DCTs MQs and RIs Participants included 46 CLKs and 44 CNSs from five Korean Universities Participants were required to complete the DCTs and MQs either in their L1 or their L2 Then they were invited to attend a RI where they were required to consider their responses to the DCT situations The results showed that on average the CLKs disapproved of the pragmatic norms of native speakers in more than 40 of their answers They did this despite the fact that they were able to create patterns that closely resembled natives They were aware of their practical resistance They attributed their decisions to learnerinternal aspects such as their identities personalities multilingual identities and ongoing life histories They also referred to external factors like relational affordances They also discussed for instance how their relations with their professors enabled them to perform better in terms of the linguistic and social standards of their university The interviewees expressed concern about the social pressures or penalties they could be subject to when their social norms were not followed They were concerned that their local friends might think they are foreigners and believe that they are not intelligent This concern was similar to those voiced by Brown 2013 and Ishihara 2009 These results suggest that nativespeaker pragmatic norms are no longer the norm for Korean learners They may still be a useful model for official Korean proficiency tests Future researchers should consider reassessing the applicability of these tests in various cultural contexts and in specific situations This will allow them to better know how different cultures can affect the pragmatic behavior of L2 students in the classroom and beyond This will also aid educators improve their methods of teaching and testing Korean pragmatics Seukhoon Paul Choi principal advisor at Stratways Group in Seoul is a geopolitical risks consultancy Case Studies The case study method is an investigative technique that employs participantcentered indepth investigations to explore a specific subject This method utilizes numerous sources of information like interviews observations and documents to confirm its findings This kind of research is ideal for studying specific or complex subjects that are difficult to measure with other methods The first step in a case study is to clearly define the subject and the objectives of the study This will help determine which aspects of the subject are important for investigation and which ones can be omitted It is also beneficial to review existing literature related to the subject to gain a greater understanding of the subject and place the case study in a broader theoretical context This study was conducted on an open source platform such as the KMMLU leaderboard 50 and its Koreanspecific benchmarks HyperCLOVA X and LDCCSolar figure 1 below The results of the experiment revealed that the L2 Korean students were extremely susceptible to native models They tended to choose wrong answers which were literal interpretations This was a departure from the correct pragmatic inference They also showed a distinct tendency to add their own text or garbage to their responses This further reduced the quality of their responses Furthermore the participants of this case study were L2 Korean learners who had achieved level 4 on the Test of Proficiency in Korean TOPIK in their third or second year of university and were aiming to reach level 6 in their next attempt They were asked questions about their WTCSPCC their pragmatic awareness and understanding knowledge of the world Interviewees were presented with two hypothetical situations involving an interaction with their coworkers and asked to choose one of the strategies listed below to use when making demands They were then asked to explain the reasons behind their decision The majority of the participants attributed their pragmatic resistance to their personalities For example TS claimed that she was hard to get close to and therefore was reluctant to inquire about her interactants wellbeing with an intense workload despite her belief that native Koreans would do this