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The Academys Evolution Site The concept of biological evolution is a fundamental concept in biology The Academies are committed to helping those who are interested in science learn about the theory of evolution and how it is permeated in all areas of scientific research 에볼루션사이트 provides teachers students and general readers with a wide range of educational resources on evolution It includes important video clips from NOVA and WGBHs science programs on DVD Tree of Life The Tree of Life is an ancient symbol that represents the interconnectedness of all life It appears in many cultures and spiritual beliefs as a symbol of unity and love It has many practical applications as well including providing a framework for understanding the history of species and how they respond to changing environmental conditions Early approaches to depicting the world of biology focused on the classification of organisms into distinct categories that were identified by their physical and metabolic characteristics1 These methods which rely on the collection of various parts of organisms or DNA fragments have significantly increased the diversity of a tree of Life2 However the trees are mostly made up of eukaryotes Bacterial diversity remains vastly underrepresented34 By avoiding the need for direct experimentation and observation genetic techniques have made it possible to represent the Tree of Life in a more precise way We can create trees using molecular techniques like the smallsubunit ribosomal gene Despite the massive expansion of the Tree of Life through genome sequencing a large amount of biodiversity is waiting to be discovered This is particularly the case for microorganisms which are difficult to cultivate and are typically found in a single specimen5 Recent analysis of all genomes has produced an initial draft of the Tree of Life This includes a large number of archaea bacteria and other organisms that have not yet been identified or whose diversity has not been well understood6 The expanded Tree of Life is particularly useful for assessing the biodiversity of an area which can help to determine if certain habitats require special protection This information can be utilized in a range of ways from identifying new treatments to fight disease to enhancing the quality of the quality of crops The information is also incredibly beneficial in conservation efforts 에볼루션사이트 helps biologists determine those areas that are most likely contain cryptic species with potentially important metabolic functions that may be at risk of anthropogenic changes Although funding to protect biodiversity are essential but the most effective way to ensure the preservation of biodiversity around the world is for more people in developing countries to be equipped with the knowledge to act locally in order to promote conservation from within Phylogeny A phylogeny also known as an evolutionary tree shows the relationships between species Utilizing molecular data as well as morphological similarities and distinctions or ontogeny the process of the development of an organism scientists can create an phylogenetic tree that demonstrates the evolutionary relationship between taxonomic groups Phylogeny is essential in understanding evolution biodiversity and genetics A basic phylogenetic Tree see Figure PageIndex 10 determines the relationship between organisms that share similar traits that evolved from common ancestors These shared traits may be analogous or homologous Homologous traits share their underlying evolutionary path while analogous traits appear similar but do not have the same ancestors Scientists group similar traits together into a grouping called a the clade For instance all the organisms that make up a clade share the characteristic of having amniotic eggs and evolved from a common ancestor who had these eggs A phylogenetic tree is then constructed by connecting the clades to determine the organisms that are most closely related to each other To create a more thorough and accurate phylogenetic tree scientists make use of molecular data from DNA or RNA to identify the connections between organisms This information is more precise and gives evidence of the evolutionary history of an organism Molecular data allows researchers to determine the number of organisms that share a common ancestor and to estimate their evolutionary age The phylogenetic relationships between species are influenced by many factors including phenotypic plasticity a type of behavior that alters in response to unique environmental conditions This can make a trait appear more similar to a species than to another obscuring the phylogenetic signals However this issue can be solved through the use of techniques like cladistics which incorporate a combination of homologous and analogous features into the tree Additionally phylogenetics aids determine the duration and speed at which speciation takes place This information can help conservation biologists make decisions about the species they should safeguard from extinction Ultimately it is the preservation of phylogenetic diversity which will result in an ecosystem that is complete and balanced Evolutionary Theory The main idea behind evolution is that organisms acquire distinct characteristics over time due to their interactions with their surroundings Several theories of evolutionary change have been proposed by a wide range of scientists such as the Islamic naturalist Nasir alDin alTusi 12011274 who envisioned an organism developing slowly according to its requirements and needs the Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus 17071778 who designed modern hierarchical taxonomy and JeanBaptiste Lamarck 17441829 who suggested that use or disuse of traits causes changes that can be passed on to offspring In the 1930s and 1940s ideas from a variety of fields including genetics natural selection and particulate inheritancecame together to form the modern evolutionary theory that explains how evolution happens through the variation of genes within a population and how those variants change in time as a result of natural selection This model called genetic drift mutation gene flow and sexual selection is a cornerstone of the current evolutionary biology and is mathematically described Recent developments in the field of evolutionary developmental biology have demonstrated that genetic variation can be introduced into a species via mutation genetic drift and reshuffling of genes in sexual reproduction as well as through migration between populations These processes as well as others like directional selection and genetic erosion changes in the frequency of a genotype over time can lead to evolution that is defined as change in the genome of the species over time and the change in phenotype as time passes the expression of the genotype in an individual Students can gain a better understanding of phylogeny by incorporating evolutionary thinking into all aspects of biology In a recent study by Grunspan et al It was found that teaching students about the evidence for evolution boosted their understanding of evolution in an undergraduate biology course To learn more about how to teach about evolution read The Evolutionary Potential of All Areas of Biology and Thinking Evolutionarily A Framework for Infusing the Concept of Evolution into Life Sciences Education Evolution in Action Traditionally scientists have studied evolution by looking back studying fossils comparing species and studying living organisms Evolution is not a past event but an ongoing process Viruses reinvent themselves to avoid new antibiotics and bacteria transform to resist antibiotics Animals alter their behavior as a result of the changing environment The changes that occur are often visible It wasnt until late 1980s that biologists began to realize that natural selection was at work The key to this is that different traits confer an individual rate of survival and reproduction and can be passed on from one generation to the next In the past when one particular allele the genetic sequence that controls coloration was present in a group of interbreeding organisms it might rapidly become more common than all other alleles In time this could mean the number of black moths within a particular population could rise The same is true for many other characteristicsincluding morphology and behaviorthat vary among populations of organisms Monitoring evolutionary changes in action is much easier when a species has a rapid generation turnover like bacteria Since 1988 Richard Lenski a biologist has been tracking twelve populations of Ecoli that descend from one strain The samples of each population have been taken regularly and more than 500000 generations of Ecoli have been observed to have passed Lenskis work has shown that mutations can alter the rate at which change occurs and the effectiveness at which a population reproduces It also shows that evolution takes time something that is difficult for some to accept Microevolution can also be seen in the fact that mosquito genes for resistance to pesticides are more prevalent in areas where insecticides are used Thats because the use of pesticides creates a selective pressure that favors those with resistant genotypes The rapid pace at which evolution can take place has led to an increasing recognition of its importance in a world that is shaped by human activity including climate changes pollution and the loss of habitats that hinder the species from adapting Understanding the evolution process can assist you in making better choices regarding the future of the planet and its inhabitants