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ese data show that adipocyte ILK is important for regulating HF dietmediated insulin resistance in AT in a manner consistent with AT function The only proteins known to be modified by Olinked lipidation are Wnts and ghrelin and enzymatic removal of this posttranslational modification inhibits ligand activity Indeed the Wntdeacylase activity of Notum is the basis of its ability to act as a feedback inhibitor of Wnt signalling Whether Notum also deacylates ghrelin has not been determined We used mass spectrometry to assay ghrelin deacylation by Notum and cocrystallisation to reveal enzymesubstrate interactions at the atomic level CRISPRCas technology was used to tag endogenous Notum and assess its localisation in mice while liverspecific Notum knockout mice allowed us to investigate the physiological role of Notum in modulating the level of ghrelin deacylation Mass spectrometry detected the removal of octanoyl from ghrelin by purified active Notum but not by an inactive mutant The 22Å resolution crystal structure of the Notumghrelin complex showed that the octanoyl lipid was accommodated in the hydrophobic pocket of the Notum including butyrylcholinesterase and other carboxylesterases that modulate the acylation state of ghrelin The contribution of multiple enzymes could help tune the activity of this important hormone to a wide range of physiological conditionsMicroscopic colitis MC is a disease characterized by chronic watery diarrhea secondary to colonic inflammation Endoscopically the mucosa is usually normal but biopsies show characteristic histologic findings1 The tissue specificity of pulsed field ablation PFA makes it an attractive energy source for pulmonary vein PV isolation PVI However beyond each PFA lesions zone of irreversible electroporation and cell death there may be a surrounding zone of reversible electroporation and cell injury that could potentially normalize with time The purpose of this study was to assess whether the level of electrical PVI that is observed acutely after PFA regresses over time In a clinical trial patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation underwent PVI using a biphasic PFA waveform delivered through a dedicated variably deployable multielectrode basketflower catheter Detailed voltage maps were created using a multispline diagnostic catheter immediately after PFA and again 3 months later in a prospective protocolspecified reassessment procedure We analyzed 20 patients who underwent PFA with durable PVI and available maps from both time points To compare the ablated zones the left and rightsided PV antral isolation areas and nonablated posterior wall area were quantified and the distances between left and right PV lowvoltage edges were measured A comparison of voltage maps immediately after PFA and at a median of 84 days interquartile range 6990 days later revealed that there was no significant difference in either the left and rightsided PV antral isolation areas or nonablated posterior wall area The distances between lowvoltage edges on the posterior wall were also not significantly different between the 2 time points This study demonstrates that the level of PV antral isolation after PFA with a multielectrode PFA catheter persists without regression This study demonstrates that the level of PV antral isolation after PFA with a multielectrode PFA catheter persists without regressionLarvae of the Antarctic midge Belgica antarctica Jacobs Diptera Chironomidae are highly tolerant of diverse environmental stresses including freezing severe desiccation and osmotic extremes Furthermore dehydration confers subsequent desiccation and freeze tolerance While a role for aquaporinschannels for water and other soluteshas been proposed in these dehydration processes the types of aquaporins involved in dehydrationdriven stress tolerance remain unknown In the present study we investigated expression of six aquaporins Drip Prip Eglp1 Eglp2 Aqp12L and Bib in larvae of B antarctica subjected to three different dehydration conditions desiccation cryoprotective dehydration and osmotic dehydration The expression of Drip and Prip was upregulated under desiccation and cryoprotective dehydration suggesting a role for these aquaporins in efficient water loss under these dehydration conditions Conversely expression of Drip and Prip was downregulated under osmotic dehydration suggesting that their expression is suppressed in larvae to combat dehydration Larval water content was similarly decreased under all three dehydration conditions Differences in responses of the aquaporins to the three forms of dehydration suggests distinct water management strategies associated with different forms of dehydration stressFasting is a component of many species life history due to environmental factors or behavioral patterns that limit access to food Despite metabolic and physiological challenges associated with these life history stages fastingadapted wild vertebrates exhibit few if any signs of oxidative stress suggesting that fasting promotes redox homeostasis Here we review mammalian avian reptilian amphibian and piscine examples of animals undergoing fasting during prolonged metabolic suppression eg PFTα hibernation and estivation or energetically demanding processes eg migration and breeding to better understand the mechanisms underlying fasting tolerance in wild vertebrates These studies largely show beneficial effects of fasting on redox balance via limited oxidative damage Though some species exhibit signs of oxidative stress due to energetically or metabolically extreme processes fasting wild vertebrates largely buffer themselves from the negative consequences of oxidative damage through specific strategies such as elevating antioxidants selectively maintaining redox balance in critical tissues or modifying behavioral patterns We conclude with suggestions for future research to better elucidate the protective effects of fasting on oxidative stress as well as disentangle the impacts from other life history stages Further research in these areas will facilitate our understanding of the mechanisms wild vertebrates use to mitigate the negative impacts associated with metabolicallyextreme life history stages as well as potential translation into therapeutic interventions in nonfastingadapted species including humans